"Prazno je, ali bas i nije, jer ima tu mnostvo galaksija" - pa onda nije prazno sunce mu jebem! E, a inace iza svih tih zidova i hladnih tacaka, tamo se prostire basta, a dok se izadje na ulicu, tu tek ima dosta...
Genetic engineering turns a common plant into a cancer fighter
Staff Writer
Email Robert By Robert F. Service 10 September 2015 2:15 pm 0 Comments Notch another victory for synthetic biology. Researchers report today that they’ve engineered a common laboratory plant to produce the starting material for a potent chemotherapy drug originally harvested from an endangered Himalayan plant. The new work could ensure an abundant supply of the anticancer drug and make it easier for chemists to tweak the compound to come up with safer and more effective versions.
Throughout history, people have relied on plants for medicines. Even modern drugmakers get about half their new drugs from plants. But that’s harder to do when plants are slow growing and endangered, as is the Himalayan mayapple (Podophyllum hexandrum). The short, leafy plant was the original source of podophyllotoxin, a cytotoxic compound that’s the starting point for an anticancer drug called Etoposide. The drug has been on the U.S. market since 1983 and is used to treat dozens of different cancers, from lymphoma to lung cancer. Today, podophyllotoxin is mainly harvested from the more common American mayapple. But this plant is also slow growing, producing only small quantities of the compound.
Mayapples churn out podophyllotoxin to defend against would-be munchers. To do so, the plants use a step-by-step approach to synthesize their chemical defense. But because the synthetic pathway of the compound had never been worked out, no one knew precisely which genes were involved in stitching together the molecule. What researchers did know was that podophyllotoxin isn’t always present in the plant. “It’s only when the leaf is wounded that the molecule is made,” says Elizabeth Sattely, a chemical engineer at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, who led the current research effort.
Sattely and her graduate student Warren Lau reasoned that the podophyllotoxin-building proteins were likely themselves only made by the plant in response to an injury. So the pair made tiny punctures in the leaves of healthy Himalayan mayapples provided to them by a commercial nursery, testing them before and after to see which new proteins appeared around the damaged tissue. They discovered 31, which they categorized by probable function.
The pair then narrowed the likely candidates for enzymes in podophyllotoxin production by focusing on members of four classes known to carry out the right types of chemical reactions. They then spliced genes for each of these enzymes into bacteria known to infect Nicotiana benthamiana, a fast-growing relative of tobacco that serves as a sort of lab rat of plant biologists. The bacteria readily infect tobacco and insert their genes into the plant tissue. Sattely and Lau inserted numerous combinations of genes for the enzymes they thought might produce their desired compound. As they report online today in Science, they eventually hit on a group of 10 enzymes that allowed the plant to make a molecule called (-)-4’–desmethyl-epipodophyllotoxin, a direct precursor to Etoposide and a potent cancer drug in its own right.
“It’s a great piece of work,” says Sarah O’Connor, a biological chemist at the John Innes Center, a plant research institute in Norwich, U.K. Eventually, the new work may give drug companies a stable, abundant supply of their cancer-fighting drug, and it may give rise to similar compounds that could work even better.
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« Poslednja izmena: 11. Sep 2015, 05:40:51 od inicio »
Feature: There’s too much carbon dioxide in the air. Why not turn it back into fuel?
Staff Writer
Email Robert By Robert F. Service 10 September 2015 2:00 pm 2 Comments Stuart Licht has designed the ultimate recycling machine. The solar reactor that he and colleagues built in his lab at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., takes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere—a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion—and uses the energy in sunlight to turn it back into fuel. There are a few steps in between. Water is also involved in the reaction, which produces hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO); they in turn can be stitched into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. But Licht’s is one of the most efficient devices of its type ever constructed.
It is only one of the solar fuel technologies taking shape in labs around the world. They embody a dream: the prospect of one day bypassing fossil fuels and generating our transportation fuels from sunlight, air, and water—and in the process ridding the atmosphere of some of the CO2 that our fossil fuel addiction has dumped into it.
These schemes are no threat to the oil industry yet. In Licht’s device, parts of the reactor run at temperatures approaching 1000°C, high enough to require specialized materials to hold the components. Other researchers are pursuing an alternative approach, developing catalysts that could carry out the same chemical reactions at or near room temperature, using electricity from sunlight or other renewables to power the chemical knitting process.
The bigger hurdle is economic. Oil is cheap, for the moment, and there is little incentive to adopt cutting-edge, costly alternatives. But the relentless march of climate change, and the elegance of the concept, have drawn researchers around the globe to the pursuit of solar fuels. “This is a very hot area right now,” says Omar Yaghi, a chemist at the University of California (UC), Berkeley. And as Licht’s reactor demonstrates, the research is making progress. “We’re not there yet, but we’re moving in the right direction,” says Andrew Bocarsly, a chemist at Princeton University who is developing low-temperature catalysts.
Enthusiasts even see a glimmer of hope for making the technology economical: the steady spread of renewable electricity sources, such as wind farms and solar plants. Already, windmills and solar cells sometimes generate more power than locals can absorb. If this oversupply could be stored in chemical fuels, experts argue, utility providers might be able to save their power for use anytime and anywhere—and make extra money on the side.
THE NEED FOR LIQUID FUELS is unlikely to go away despite concerns about climate change. The high energy density and ease of transport of gasoline and other liquid hydrocarbons have made them the mainstay of the world’s transportation infrastructure. Researchers continue to pursue the use of low-carbon gases, such as methane and hydrogen, as transportation fuels, and electric cars are proliferating. But for long-distance trucks and other heavy vehicles, as well as aviation, there is no good alternative to liquid fuels. Solar fuel proponents argue that finding a way to brew them from readily available compounds such as water and CO2 could make a sizable dent in future CO2 emissions.
CARBON RECYCLING INTERNATIONAL
Powered by geothermal energy, this plant in Iceland turns carbon dioxide into syngas and ultimately methanol fuel.
The task essentially boils down to running combustion in reverse, injecting energy from the sun or other renewables into chemical bonds. “It’s a very challenging problem, because it’s always an uphill battle,” says John Keith, a chemist at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. It’s what plants do, of course, to make the sugars they need to grow. But plants convert only about 1% of the energy that hits them into chemical energy. To power our industrial society, researchers need to do far better. Keith likens the challenge to putting a man on the moon.
The trouble is that CO2 is a very stable, unreactive molecule. Chemists can force it to react by pumping in electricity, heat, or both. The first step in this process is usually ripping off one of CO2’s oxygen atoms to make CO. That CO can then be combined with H2 to make a combination known as syngas, which can be converted into methanol, a liquid alcohol that can be either used directly or converted into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Massive chemical plants do just that, but they make their syngas not from air, but from plentiful and cheap natural gas. So the challenge for chemists is to create syngas from renewables more cheaply than current sources can match.
Licht, who calls his solar-generated mixture of CO and H2 “sungas,” says he’s taking aim at that challenge by using both heat and electricity from the sun. His setup, which he details in a paper accepted at Advanced Science, starts with a high-end commercially available solar cell called a concentrated photovoltaic. It focuses a broad swath of sunlight onto a semiconductor panel that converts 38% of the incoming energy into electricity at a high voltage. The electricity is shunted to electrodes in two electrochemical cells: one that splits water molecules and another that splits CO2. Meanwhile, much of the remaining energy in the sunlight is captured as heat and used to preheat the two cells to hundreds of degrees, a step that lowers the amount of electricity needed to split water and CO2 molecules by roughly 25%. In the end, Licht says, as much as 50% of the incoming solar energy can be converted into chemical bonds.
It’s unclear whether that process will produce syngas that’s as cheap as that made from natural gas. But Licht notes that a 2010 economic analysis of his solar water splitting setup alone, which he first described in 2002, concluded that his approach could generate a kilogram of H2—the energy equivalent of 4 liters of gasoline—at a cost of $2.61.
Yet it may be hard for Licht’s sungas setup to lower the price further. Licht’s charge-conducting electrolyte uses lithium, a somewhat rare and costly metal whose limited supplies could prevent a massive scale-up. Licht also faces competition from other researchers who also use high temperatures to ease the splitting of water and CO2, but rely entirely on electricity instead of solar heating. But like sungas, those schemes, called solid oxide electrolysis cells, face the longevity challenges of running at high temperatures.
GIVEN THESE HURDLES, Bocarsly and others continue to try to split CO2 at lower temperatures. One such approach is already commercial. In Iceland, a company called Carbon Recycling International opened a plant in 2012 that uses renewable energy to create syngas. The company harnesses the island’s abundant geothermal energy to produce electricity, which drives electrolysis machines that split CO2 and water. The resulting syngas is then turned into methanol.
Of course, most regions of the globe lack Iceland’s abundant geothermal power needed to drive the process, so researchers are hunting for new catalysts that can split CO2 with less energy. These catalysts typically sit on the cathode, one of two electrodes in an electrolytic cell containing water. At the opposite electrode, water molecules are split into electrons, protons, and oxygen, which bubbles away. The electrons and protons pass to the cathode, where CO2 molecules split into CO and oxygen atoms that combine with the electrons and protons to make more water.
Today, the gold standard for such catalysts is, well, gold. In the 1980s, Japanese researchers found that electrodes made from gold had the highest activity for splitting CO2 to CO of all the low-temperature setups. Then in 2012, Matthew Kanan, a chemist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and colleagues discovered something even better: Making their electrode from a thin layer of gold divided into nanosized crystallites, they reported in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, slashed the electricity needed by more than 50% and increased the catalyst’s activity 10-fold. The boundaries between the gold crystallites appear to promote the reaction.
At some $36,000 per kilogram, gold is still far too expensive for use on a massive scale. Last year, however, researchers led by Feng Jiao, a chemist at the University of Delaware (UD), Norwalk, reported in Nature Communications that catalysts made from silver nanoparticles do almost as well. And this year, they reported in ACS Catalysis that even cheaper catalysts made from tiny zinc spikes called dendrites are also proving highly effective at churning out CO.
Catalysts that could be even cheaper are in the works. Researchers at UC Berkeley, for example, reported last month that they had made a highly porous crystalline material out of organic ring-shaped compounds with a combination of cobalt and copper atoms at their core. When layered atop an electrode and dunked in a water-based solution, the porous materials split CO2 molecules into CO at a rate of 240,000 per hour—a furious pace compared with most other room-temperature catalysts. And last year, Kanan and his colleagues reported that electrodes made of nanocrystalline copper could bypass the need for syngas, allowing them to directly synthesize a variety of more complex liquid fuels, such as ethanol and acetate, at unprecedented efficiencies.
Researchers worldwide are also pursuing another rich vein: driving the low-temperature electrolysis of CO2 and H2O with energy directly from sunlight. Most efforts center on using light-absorbing semiconductors, such as titanium dioxide–based nanotubes, to churn out CO, methane, or other hydrocarbons. So far, such setups aren’t very efficient; typically they convert less than 1% of the incoming solar energy into chemical bonds. Bocarsly and others have done better using the sun’s ultraviolet light, which makes up only a tiny part of the spectrum. But at the American Chemical Society meeting in Boston last month, Joel Rosenthal, a chemist at UD Newark, reported that his team has developed a bismuth-based photocatalyst that converts 6.1% of incoming visible light energy to chemical bonds in CO.
Despite progress on all these fronts, Kanan cautions that solar fuels still have a long way to go to compete directly with liquid fossil fuels, especially now that the price of oil has fallen below $50 per barrel. And barring a concerted push from governments worldwide to cap or tax carbon emissions, solar fuels may never be able beat oil-derived fuels on cost alone. “It’s a tall order,” he says.
But Paul Kenis, a solar fuels researcher at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, argues that the broad penetration of solar and wind power offers hope. Denmark, for example, already produces some 30% of its electricity from wind farms and is on pace to reach 50% by 2020. On a particularly blustery day in July, the nation’s wind turbines generated as much as 140% of the country’s electrical requirements. The excess was sent to its neighbors, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. But the oversupply added to utilities’ fears that in times of peak renewable power production, the value of electricity could fall to zero or even below, as producers would have to pay others to take it so as not to damage their grid.
That’s where solar fuel producers could stand to benefit, Kenis says: By absorbing that power and using it to make fuels and other commodities, they could essentially act as energy banks and perhaps earn some cash as well. For now, Kanan argues, it still makes the most economic sense simply to shunt excess renewable power into the grid, displacing fossil energy. But someday, if renewable power becomes widespread enough and the technology for making renewable fuels improves, we may be able to guzzle gas without guilt, knowing we are just burning sunlight.
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« Poslednja izmena: 11. Sep 2015, 05:42:11 od inicio »
MANNA - Monoatomic Gold® & other monoatomic Elements
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Gold-plate your body, mind and soul with the “Divine Bread” of the initiates for levitation of consciousness, restoration of the superconductivity and energy tuning of DNA
Monoatomic Gold has been known in all gnostic schools since the ancient Egypt and has been taken by initiates (like Plato, Aristoteles a.o.) to expand their consciousness, to heighten their vibration and to activate the complete DNA-potential.
The Hebrews called it “Manna” or “Bread of God”, the Egyptians “Tear from the Eye of Horus”, the Indians “Vibhuti or Bhasma of Gold”. In alchemy it is considered as “Calx of Gold”, which helps to transform the “lead” of the human mind (the ego with its negative, dense structures) into “Gold” (the Divine Soul).
It exists only to 5/9 on the physical level and is therefore "the Spirit and the Soul of Gold" (the metallic gold is the body). It is not to be confused with colloidal gold which still retains in a metallic even if colloidal state.
Also today’s science explores Monoatomic Gold more and more because of its astounding characteristics. It has an entirely modified atom structure compared to the original metallic state.(see figure above).
Monoatomic Gold and other monoatomic elements also occurs in nature in minimal amounts. It can only be transformed permanently by man through an alchemistic process from pure, metallic gold into a monoatomic state!
Monoatomic Gold and also other monoatomic elements should have unique physical and energetic characteristics:
• It is a superconducter at room temperature, shows characteristics of energy production and can receive, save and release light/information/energy without loss. • Its electrons bond with the anti-electrons and form opposite momentum light-bands that rotate around the oval nucleus (see figure). • Simultaneously it creates a light Prana-Vortex that is spiraling along a double helix through the atom nucleus and equates kundalini energy. • It creates an independant zero magnetic field (Meissner Field) around itself, which equates the Mer-Ka-Ba of humans. Mer-Ka-Ba is the light body of human beings (from the Egyptian: MER = light-bands bonded together and rotating in opposite directions, KA = energy of life and spirit, BA = soul / MER-KA-BA = Spiritual power of life and soul melt together and form a unity that creates light-bands that rotate in opposite directions and surmount space and time). • Monoatomic Gold only exists to 5/9 on the physical level. • Pure Monoatomic Gold levitates on the Earth’s magnetic field. • It doesn’t wear off and its function and its durability is everlasting
According to a group of alchemists who took Monoatomic Gold over several years and who have given it out and tested it within a spiritual union, it is absorbed by the body when taken and among others enhance the energetic conductivity of DNA up to 10.000. This has even been confirmed in laboratory tests in the USA.
This group was able to monitor the following physiological and energetic reactions that correspond to the ancient traditions (from Egypt, the Bible, the Vedes and the Alchemy) (we can confirm some of these informations from our own experience). Many energetic test procedures (Kinesiology, Clairvoyance, Subtle Sensing, Channeling, Radiesthesia a.o.) classify Manna - Monoatomic Gold as "sensational"!
• The aging process is to be reversed by the energetic repair of defective DNA programs. It acts juvenescent and expands the vital DNA life span. • Damaged cells or energetic disfunctions are to be regenerated (even brain cells). • The endocrine gland system is supposed to be energetically activated in a strong way, especially the thymus, pineal and pituitary gland. • The flow of light quantum/photones within the nerve and meridian system is supposed to be intensified and increased permanently. • The self-healing powers are supposed to be improved considerably. • The superconductivity of the DNA is supposed to be upgraded and its energy flow is to be increased up to a 10.000 fold. • An intensiv emotional cleaning and stabilisation is to be initiated. • A considerable improved performance and stress resiliance appear. • You are to be more centered and considerably more stable in your midst. • You are to be more aware of solutions rather than problems because you see yourself but also the outside clearer and clearer. • Manifestation effects of the thoughts are to be increased. • Intelligence expands to a higher level of the spirit. • Frequency of the chakras and bodies is to be heightened. • Awareness is to be expanded and the mental-spiritual abilities are to be activated. • Kundalini-Energy is to be increased harmonically. • Sleeping ("supernatural") potentials are to be awakened • The levitating qualities of the Monoatomic Gold lead to an all around elevation of the quality of life and the consciousness on all levels (physical, emotional, mental, spiritual)
Monoatomic Elements are the substances described in ancient mystery texts that supports us humans during the present time of transformation (until 2012 and beyond that) and the inner alchemistic processes connected with it and that it leads to a good "end". It is helping us to really reach and to realize the already long announced "New Eon" of a universal consciousness!
The basic effects of Monoatomic Elements are identical in every person. But the individual changes that - experienced subjectively - are released, are certainly very different. Depending on how aware someone already is (has released or transformed dense energies, meditates, practices mystery-work and so on).
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Monoatomic Gold Elixier DX (alchemic production) € 60,-/10ml (10ml pipette bottle for one month) By ordering 5 bottles or more you receive a 10% quantity discount! Recommended dosage: 7 drops/day (in the morning after waking up or in the evening before bedtime) Ingredients: 145 microgram Monoatomic Gold/daily dosage Due to great demand delivery delay can occur for a short time! Thank you for your understanding.
Monoatomic Elements (technological production) € 60,-/30ml and € 159/100ml (30ml pipette bottle for one month, 100ml for 3-4 monthes) Recommended dosage: 2x7 drops/day (in the morning after waking up and in the evening before bedtime)
Overview of all Monoatomic Elements Distributers worldwide are welcomed (with trade license)!
NOTE: We should like to point out that "Manna - Monoatomic Gold" is no remedy in the sense of scientific medicine! In fact it is a natural nutritional supplement which occurs in minute amounts in nature as well (for example in volcanic soils or in fruits and vegetables ripened by the sun on fertile soils). Our body needs monoatomic elements as well as metallic, colloidal trace elements.
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