Hajde malo da se igramo mastom(Mada i cinjenicama) da vidimo dokle ce otici 

A warp drive is a form of faster-than-light (FTL) propulsion in the fictional universe of Star Trek, and other fiction. It provides for the propulsion of spacecraft to many times the speed of light, while circumventing the problem of time dilation. It has also been featured in many science-fiction movies and games such as Stars!, StarCraft, Darkspace, Starship Troopers, and Red Dwarf. Warp drive doesn't allow instant travel between two points at infinite speed, as other fictional propulsion technologies hyperspace[citation needed], jump drive, and infinite improbability drives would. Instead, spacecraft using warp drive allow faster than light travel within an artificial bubble of normal spacetime, as opposed to entering a separate realm or dimension like hyperspace. Spacecraft at warp can therefore interact with objects in normal space.

The idea of warping space as a means of propulsion has enjoyed theoretical study by physicists such as Miguel Alcubierre, who has speculatively designed his own drive. However, no actual practical technological approach has been proposed. Currently there is no known way to either naturally or artificially create a finite and bounded space-time region or "bubble". Such a region is necessary to locally suspend or encapsulate the spacecraft within its view of a “normal” space-time. Concurrently, external from that region, there would exist a “warped” space-time, in which the region moves through space-time at velocities exceeding the speed of light.

Based on Alcubierre’s warp drive, a futuristic engine that uses dark energy to propel a spaceship faster than light, has been proposed, and could revolutionize space travel according to an article on the web site of Cosmos Magazine [1]. The idea is backed up by calculations made by physicists at Baylor University in Waco, Texas. Like something from Star Trek, their theory says that a spacecraft could travel at warp speed in a bubble of space-time, by manipulating dark energy, the mysterious invisible force accelerating the expansion of the universe. The spacecraft would essentially remain in the same place, while space-time ahead of the spaceship would shrink, expanding again behind it. Even if it is possible, though, a dark energy warp drive wouldn’t be very practical - the experts estimate it would consume the entire mass of Jupiter to move a spaceship just 10 meters at faster-than-light speed.



Warp travel velocity in Star Trek is generally described in "warp factor" units, which—according to the Star Trek Technical Manuals—correspond to the strength of the warp field. Achieving warp factor 1 is equivalent to breaking the light-speed barrier, while the actual speed of higher factors is determined according to an ambiguous "warp formula." Several episodes of the original series placed the Enterprise in peril by having it travel at high warp factors; in "That Which Survives" this factor was as high as 14.1. However, the actual speed of any given warp factor is rarely explicitly stated on screen, and travel times for specific interstellar distances are not consistent through the various series.

According to the Star Trek episode writer's guide for The Original Series, warp factors are supposedly converted to multiples of light speed with the cubic function s(w) = w3c. Accordingly, "warp 1" is equivalent to the speed of light, "warp 2" is eight times the speed of light, "warp 3" is 27 times the speed of light, and so on. However, this conflicts with the on-screen application of the technology, as it would make the Enterprise far too slow for the voyages depicted in the television series. These speeds do not even correlate with details presented in some of the episodes. For example, in "That Which Survives" (1969), the Enterprise travels at warp 8.4 for 11.33 hours and traverses 990.7 light years (as indicated in Spock's dialog), which makes the speed more than 600,000 times the speed of light. The Enterprise has also easily traveled to and from the edge of the Milky Way galaxy ("Where No Man Has Gone Before," "Is There in Truth No Beauty," and "By Any Other Name" (1968)), and to and from the center of the Milky Way (Star Trek V: The Final Frontier) a journey which should take almost two centuries of uninterrupted travel at "warp 8" if the actual speed is merely a cube of the warp factor.
The new warp scale and power usage

For Star Trek: The Next Generation and the subsequent series, Star Trek artist Michael Okuda devised a formula based on the original one but with important differences. For warp 1–9, if w is the warp factor, s(w) is the speed in km per second, and c is the speed of light, then s(w) = w^{10 \over 3}c. In the half-open interval from warp 9 to warp 10, the exponent of w increases toward infinity. Thus, in the Okuda scale, warp speeds approach warp 10 asymptotically. There is no exact formula for this interval because the quoted speeds are based on a hand-drawn curve.

Warp speeds tend to warp 10 asymptotically, and at speeds greater than warp 9 the form of the warp function changes because of an increase in the exponent of the warp factor, w. Due to the resultant increase in the derivative, a small change in the warp factor corresponds to a large change in speed.

The later series were better at keeping to calculated velocities than the original; however, they were still far from perfect. Later episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation (such as "Descent" (1993)) contradicted these speeds and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine depicted Federation Starfleet strategic operations (fleet movements) which would have been impossible under the Okuda scale. Star Trek: Voyager, though its premise was generally based on the Okuda scale, had several notable instances, such as in the episode "Parallax" or "The '37s" (1995), where the stated warp velocities varied wildly from the Okuda standard.




In general, the farther away a Star Trek show is in production date from the publish date of the Star Trek Technical Manual, the more likely a ship would be to travel at the "speed of plot". For example, in the Star Trek: Enterprise pilot episode they give a time and speed to Neptune that accords with the original series' formula, but then they estimate a trip to the Klingon Homeworld of Qo'noS at warp 5 as a four-day journey, placing it just one light-year away from Earth — far closer than the nearest stellar system, Alpha Centauri.


Realno i putovanje na mesec je bilo nemoguce(Ne pokrecite polemiku oko toga da li smo bili ili ne plzz) , Zil Vernova podmornica takodje......zasto bi ovo bilo drugacije.

Is a real warp drive possible?
Artist's impression of a viewer's perspective in front of a ship at warp speed

In 1996, NASA established the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program, which sponsored some speculative work on warp drives. This program was discontinued in 2002.

While thought experiments on the wilder shores of theoretical physics continue, no scheme that may allow "warp speed" travel has yet been devised that has been accepted by mainstream science. Some physicists have proposed a model of FTL travel, formulated in the context of Lorentzian manifolds, which are used in general relativity to construct spacetime models. However, contrary to a common misunderstanding, these models are in no sense solutions to the Einstein field equation, and they give absolutely no hint of how to actually make a warp bubble.[citation needed] These models do however show that while it is indeed impossible to go faster than the speed of light, in principle it might be possible to circumvent the problem by suitably "warping" spacetime itself. The best known theory, known as the Alcubierre drive, uses terminology in accord with Trek jargon: "warp factors" measure the warping of space (or rather spacetime), not actual speed. In his book The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence Krauss states that while it is possible to permit superluminal travel via a warp drive, huge amounts of negative energy are required to make it work. Gardiner developed a timetable for the development of the warp drive from analyses of history.[4] He concluded the realization of the warp drive might be achieved around the year 2180.

The following formula (Einstein Field Equation), based on general relativity, theoretically permits the travel of an object faster than light provided that spacetime is curved:[5]

    G_{\mu \nu}=\frac{8\pi}{c^4} G T_{\mu \nu}

Gμν is the Einstein curvature tensor, which describes the curvature in space, while the constant G without indices is Newton's gravitational constant.

If spacetime is warped properly, then technically the object(s) are not moving faster than light, even though they appear in normal space to be moving faster than light.[citation needed]

In 2007, physicist Richard Obousy proposed that a warp drive could be created by directly manipulating the extra dimensions of string theory.[citation needed] His idea suggests the expansion of spacetime is a consequence of the vacuum ground-state of higher dimensional graviton fluctuations. In this model the vacuum energy equations can be expressed as:

\langle E_{vac}\rangle=-\frac{\pi^2}{R^4} \left[ \frac{(2+n)(3+n)}{2}-1 \right] \left[ \zeta(0) \right] ^{n-1} \zeta'(4)

In this model, it is the radius of the extra dimensions that directly controls the expansion of space. Obousy suggests that it is superstrings that wrap around the extra dimensions keeping them compact, but that a sufficiently advanced civilization might influence a string and locally adjust the size of the extra dimension creating a controlled expansion and contraction of the space surrounding an interstellar craft.

In July 2008 it was reported that two Baylor University physicists have outlined how a faster-than-light engine could be created by manipulating the 11th dimension, a special theoretical construct of m-theory.

Brze od svetlosti


Possibility

Faster-than-light communication is, by Einstein's theory of relativity, equivalent to time travel. According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, what we measure as the speed of light in a vacuum is actually the fundamental physical constant c. This means that all observers, regardless of their relative velocity, will always measure zero-mass particles such as photons traveling at c in a vacuum. This result means that measurements of time and velocity in different frames are no longer related simply by constant shifts, but are instead related by Poincaré transformations. These transformations have important implications:

    * The relativistic momentum of a massive particle would increase with speed in such a way that at the speed of light an object would have infinite momentum.
    * To accelerate an object of non-zero rest mass to c would require infinite time with any finite acceleration, or infinite acceleration for a finite amount of time.
    * Either way, such acceleration requires infinite energy. Going beyond the speed of light in a homogeneous space would hence require more than infinite energy, which is not generally considered to be a sensible notion.
    * Some observers with sub-light relative motion will disagree about which occurs first of any two events that are separated by a space-like interval.[5] In other words, any travel that is faster-than-light will be seen as traveling backwards in time in some other, equally valid, frames of reference, or need to assume the speculative hypothesis of possible Lorentz violations at a presently unobserved scale (for instance the Planck scale). Therefore any theory which permits "true" FTL also has to cope with time travel and all its associated paradoxes,[6] or else to assume the Lorentz invariance to be a symmetry of thermodynamical statistical nature (hence a symmetry broken at some presently unobserved scale).

[edit] Justifications

Despite the established conclusion that relativity precludes FTL travel, some have proposed ways to justify FTL behaviour:

[edit] Ignore special relativity

This option is popular particularly in science fiction. However, empirical and theoretical evidence strongly supports Einstein's theory of special relativity as the correct description of high-speed motion,[7] which generalizes the more familiar Galilean relativity, which is actually an approximation at conventional (much less than c) speeds. Similarly, general relativity is an overwhelmingly supported and experimentally verified theory of gravitation, except in the regime of very high energy densities over very short distances, where an as-yet-undeveloped theory of quantum gravity is necessary. Special relativity, however, is incorporated easily into quantum field theories. Therefore, even in the broader contexts of general relativity and quantum mechanics, conventional acceleration from subluminal to superluminal speeds is not possible.

[edit] Faster light (Casimir vacuum and quantum tunnelling)

Einstein's equations of special relativity postulate that the speed of light is invariant in inertial frames. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not specify any particular value for the speed of the light, which is an experimentally determined quantity for a fixed unit of length. Since 1983, the unit of length (the meter) has been defined using the speed of light.

The experimental determination has been made in vacuum. However, the vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The vacuum has energy associated with it, called the vacuum energy. This vacuum energy can perhaps be changed in certain cases[citation needed]. When vacuum energy is lowered, light itself has been predicted to go faster than the standard value 'c'. This is known as the Scharnhorst effect. Such a vacuum can be produced by bringing two perfectly smooth metal plates together at near atomic diameter spacing. It is called a Casimir vacuum. Calculations imply that light will go faster in such a vacuum by a minuscule amount: a photon traveling between two plates that are 1 micrometer apart would increase the photon's speed by only about one part in 1036.[8] Accordingly there has as yet been no experimental verification of the prediction. A recent analysis[9] argued out that the Scharnhorst effect cannot be used to send information backwards in time with a single set of plates since the plates' rest frame would define a "preferred frame" for FTL signalling. However, with multiple pairs of plates in motion relative to one another the authors noted that they had no arguments that could "guarantee the total absence of causality violations", and invoked Hawking's speculative chronology protection conjecture which suggests that feedback loops of virtual particles would create "uncontrollable singularities in the renormalized quantum stress-energy" on the boundary of any potential time machine, and thus would require a theory of quantum gravity to fully analyze (with the hope that such a theory would guarantee the impossibility of a true time machine ever forming). Other authors argue that Scharnhorst's original analysis which seemed to show the possibility of faster-than-c signals involved approximations which may be incorrect, so that it is not clear whether this effect could actually increase signal speed at all.[10]

The physicists Günter Nimtz and Alfons Stahlhofen, of the University of Koblenz, claim to have violated relativity experimentally by transmitting photons faster than the speed of light.[11] They say they have conducted an experiment in which microwave photons - relatively low energy packets of light - travelled "instantaneously" between a pair of prisms that had been moved up to 3 ft apart, using a phenomenon known as quantum tunnelling. Nimtz told New Scientist magazine: "For the time being, this is the only violation of special relativity that I know of." However, other physicists say that this phenomenon does not allow information to be transmitted faster than light. Aephraim Steinberg, a quantum optics expert at the University of Toronto, Canada, uses the analogy of a train traveling from Chicago to New York, but dropping off train cars at each station along the way, so that the center of the train moves forward at each stop; in this way, the center of the train exceeds the speed of any of the individual cars.[12]

[edit] Give up causality

Another approach is to accept special relativity, but to posit that mechanisms allowed by general relativity (e.g., wormholes) will allow traveling between two points without going through the intervening space. While this gets around the infinite acceleration problem, it still would lead to closed timelike curves (i.e., time travel) and causality violations. Causality is not required by special or general relativity, but is nonetheless generally considered a basic property of the universe that should not be abandoned. Because of this, most physicists expect (or perhaps hope) that quantum gravity effects will preclude this option.[citation needed] An alternative is to conjecture that, while time travel is possible, it never leads to paradoxes; this is the Novikov self-consistency principle.

An important point to note is that in general relativity it is possible for objects to be moving apart faster than light because of the expansion of the universe, in some reasonable choice of cosmological coordinates. This is understood to be due to the expansion of the space between the objects, and general relativity still reduces to special relativity in a "local" sense, meaning that two objects passing each other in a small local region of spacetime cannot have a relative velocity greater than c, and will move more slowly than a light beam passing through the region. (See Option F below)

[edit] Give up (absolute) relativity

Because of the strong empirical support for special relativity, any modifications to it must necessarily be quite subtle and difficult to measure. The best-known attempt is doubly-special relativity, which posits that the Planck length is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of Giovanni Amelino-Camelia and João Magueijo. One consequence of this theory is a variable speed of light, where photon speed would vary with energy, and some zero-mass particles might possibly travel faster than c. While recent evidence[citation needed] casts doubt on this theory, some physicists still consider it viable.[citation needed] However, even if this theory is accurate, it is still very unclear whether it would allow information to be communicated, and appears not in any case to allow massive particles to exceed c.

There are speculative theories that claim inertia is produced by the combined mass of the universe (e.g., Mach's principle), which implies that the rest frame of the universe might be preferred by conventional measurements of natural law. If confirmed, this would imply special relativity is an approximation to a more general theory, but since the relevant comparison would (by definition) be outside the observable universe, it is difficult to imagine (much less construct) experiments to test this hypothesis.

[edit] Non-physical realms

A very popular option in space opera is to assume the existence of some other realm (typically called hyperspace, subspace, or slipspace) which is accessible from this universe, in which the laws of relativity are usually distorted, bent, or nonexistent, facilitating rapid transport between distant points in this universe, sometimes with acceleration differences - that is, not requiring as much energy or thrust to go faster. To accomplish rapid transport between points in hyperspace/subspace, special relativity is often assumed not to apply in this other realm, or that the speed of light is higher. Another solution is to posit that distant points in the mundane universe correspond to points that are close together in hyperspace.

This method of faster-than-light travel does not correspond to anything seriously proposed by mainstream science.

[edit] Space-time distortion

Although the theory of special relativity forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and general relativity reduces to special relativity in a local sense (in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a "recession velocity" which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light.[13] Miguel Alcubierre theorized that it would be possible to create an Alcubierre drive, in which a ship would be enclosed in a "warp bubble" where the space at the front of the bubble is rapidly contracting and the space at the back is rapidly expanding, with the result that the bubble can reach a distant destination much faster than a light beam moving outside the bubble, but without objects inside the bubble locally traveling faster than light. However, several objections raised against the Alcubierre drive appear to rule out the possibility of actually using it in any practical fashion. Another possibility predicted by general relativity is the traversable wormhole, which could create a shortcut between arbitrarily distant points in space. As with the Alcubierre drive, travelers moving through the wormhole would not locally move faster than light which travels through the wormhole alongside them, but they would be able to reach their destination (and return to their starting location) faster than light traveling outside the wormhole.

Dr. Gerald Cleaver, associate professor of physics at Baylor University, and Richard Obousy, a Baylor graduate student, theorize that by manipulating the extra spatial dimensions of string theory around a spaceship with an extremely large amount of energy, it would create a “bubble” that could cause the ship to travel faster than the speed of light. To create this bubble, the physicists believe manipulating the 10th spatial dimension would alter the dark energy in three large spatial dimensions: height, width and length. Cleaver said positive dark energy is currently responsible for speeding up the expansion rate of our universe as time moves on, just like it did after the Big Bang, when the universe expanded much faster than the speed of light for a very brief time.[14]

[edit] Quantized space and time

As given by the planck length, there is a minimum amount of 'space' that can exist in this universe (1.616×10−35 meters). This limit can be used to determine a minimum time quantisation of 5.391×10−44 seconds, which corresponds to a beam of light with a wavelength approaching the planck length. This means that there is a physical limit to how much blue shift a beam of light can endure. According to general relativity there is no limit to this shift, and an infinitesimally small space can exist, but according to well accepted quantum theory these limits do exist.

This is precisely what happens towards the center of a black hole[citation needed]; the incoming light becomes blue shifted past the planck length as it approaches the region of discontinuity within our universe. The argument is: if a black hole with finite mass can create such a discontinuity in the fabric of space and time, why would people be unable to do the same thing using a finite amount of energy and acceleration? (According to general relativity, the space-time distortions caused by gravity are fundamentally identical to space-time distortions caused simply by accelerating your reference frame).

Veoma zanimljivo, iako se barata sa mnogo nepoznanica (10-ta, 11-ta dimenzija, tamna materija), cije se osobine de facto i sigurno ne znaju.
Ali, zasto ne razmisljati, upravo obrnuto - treba razmisljati, pa ako hocete i mastati. Nije bez veze ona "masta moze svasta" - zavisi kako se protumaci. Ako nismo zlonamerni, onda, to moze biti izvor inspiracije - to je uvek i bilo.
Odlicna tema. Zahteva malo strpljenja da se razumeju sve te teorije, pogotovo ako covek nije to godinama pratio.

Gde ima dima tu ima i vatre!

Evo kako bi to u praksi izgledalo:



Pojasnjenja radi, animacija pokazuje kako svemirska letelica obavijena warp drive "mehurom" prelece orbite nekoliko planeta na putu kroz Suncev sistem, pritom postepeno povecavajuci brzinu koja je u animaciji izrazena kao proporcionalna brzini svetlosti (c). Sto je brzina veca, to je i kontrakcija prostor-vremena ispred letelice unutar warp drive "mehura" veca kao sto je ujedno i ekspanzija prostor-vremena iza letelice unutar warp drive "mehura" veca. U ovom primeru je to ilustrovano kontrakcijom/ekspanzijom prizora od planeta (a ne samih planeta mada tako na prvi pogled moze da deluje ) cije orbite letelica prelece...

O tome se oko 15-ak godina vec prica po krugovima fizicara. U sustini bi se svelo na to, da se prostor ispred broda toliko zakrivi da se neka udaljena tacka nalazi pred njim. Trebalo bi samo da preskoci u nju. Time bi iz prvobitne tacke prestao uticaj, prostor iz zakrivljenja vratio u "normalu", a brod ostao u toj drugoj tacki. Kontinuiranjem tih zahvata moglo bi se dobiti kretanje umesto skokova. A sama udaljenost tacke prostora koja bi bila "privucena" brodu, zavisila bi od same snage uredjaja u brodu. A time bi zavisila i brzina.
Medjutim sa novim nalazima i razmisljanjima u kvantnoj fizici, .... 

Kako god bilo, iza brda se vec neko vreme nesto valja. A sta, ...

Meni tu nije jasno samo kako bi ceo brod izdrzao toliko ubrzanje i usporenje. Ne moze se doseci brzina svetlosti za kratko vreme.

mada nisam neki fan starcrafta i takvih filmova i igrica one su ipak inspirisali mnoge pronalaske i mnoga istrayivanja 

Zanimljiva oblast.

Čekaj prvo da vidimo kako ćemo da iskrivimo prostor ispred broda