Vojnik Buducnosti, egzoskeletoni, nanotehnologija...

Cane Mafija naravno, uvek bilo, druze, to se podrazumeva, ali o tome ovde i nije rec. Ovde je rec upravo o tim novim programima "buduceg vojnika" (dosta zemalja ima te programe), dodacima, poboljsanjima, kompjuterskoj povezanosti vojnika sa svim drugim sistemima, robotima, vozilima i letelicam bez posade, novim tehnologijama, itd. Da li su te stvari nesto sto ce se dokazati kao korisno ili ne to ce se tek videti; ali na tome se ocigledno radi (USA, UK, Nemacka, Svedska, Holandija, Norveska, Spanija, Italija, Francuska, Izrael, Koreja, Pakistan, Rusija, Srbija - toliko sam za sada video, a verujem i jos mnoge druge). To je tema i ja se trudim da sto vise toga ovde prezentujem. Smile

crazy 123 da Abakan AN-94 izmedju ostalog. A sto da ne? Koliko ja znam Rusi nemaju lose automate, ili se varam - ne valjaju???
Evo zato celog teksta o ruskom razvojnom programu pesadijskih sistema.
Obrati paznju u tekstu dole u delu "Weapon Systems" naveden je cak i Kalasnjikov AK74 kao jedno od streljackih oruzja za koje su primenjivi novi elektro-opticki sistemi - ne mora sve da bude novo, pogotovo ako valja i uz dodatne moderne sisteme moze da obavi posao. (podebljano crno)
Inace ceo program ima tri faze (podebljano plavim) pa se verovatno do kraja i predvidja neko novo streljacko naoruzanje, ko ce ga znati.

evo teksta o ruskom programu (nemam vremena da prevodim, pa ko zna engleski...)

RUSSIAN INFANTRY COMBAT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

With development of technologies some kind of military equipment vanished from the usage, substituted by conceptually new (the bow to the rifle), other transformed without alteration of its primary purpose (the pioneer spade). In many cases decommissioned items re-entered service in a new look at the next turn of technologies development - one of these cases was the cuirass that transformed into the flak jacket.

INFANTRY COMBAT SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

At the end of the 20th century in the Armed Forces of developed countries they came to understanding that segmental set of infantry combat equipment should be systematised, unified and reduced. Thus the infantry found itself in the most unpleasant state. Chief Designers of planes and tanks defined strict requirements to the contractors who supplyed assemblies and units for their hardware. But the infantry did not possess such "Chief Designer", thus an individual designer of combat equipment was at his own disposal in defining what and how an infantryman shall and is able to do, his demands. Besides, the compatibility with other combat equipment was often neglected. The infantry combat equipment widened to zillions and caused a negative impact on the mission efficiency.

Upon facing obstacles in providing infantry with combat equipment, the military gradually developed Infantry Combat System (ICS). In Russia such activities are being carried out by the 3rd Central Research Institute of MoD, which released the R&D report in 1994 - Conceptual Study of Russian Infantry Combat System Development. The Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering (TSNII TOCHMASH) became the main designer of Infantry Combat System for Russian Armed Forces. The Coordinator of all activities has been Interagency Committee on Coordination in Development f man-portable Infantry Combat System for complements of MoD, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Border Guard Service, Federal Security Service of Russia, Federal Protective Service and EMERCOM, chaired by Chief of Armaments of Russian Armed Forces.

In order to ensure a graded funding and coordination in efforts of various agencies and services, the Departmental Special-

Purpose Program for Man-Portable Combat and Special Equipment of Russian Armed Forces and other Enforcement Services to 2010 (Boets-XXI) was adopted, which approved by Russian Government and included into State Arms Program (SAP) for the period until 2010.

The milestones of the Special-Purpose Program within SAP reflected accomplishments on provisions of advanced kits (components) of Infantry Combat System for various enforcement services:

■ I milestone - completion on development and serial production adoption of I generation basic Infantry Combat System - Barmitsa (Camail);

■ II milestone - development and serial production adoption of II generation Infantry Combat System - Barmitsa-2 (Camail-2);

■ III milestone - development and serial production adoption of III generation Infantry Combat System - Ratnik (Warrior);

The pre-arrangements of largescale manufacturing of the Barmitsa Infantry Combat System for Army, Airborne troops and Special Task Force units started in 2000. Barmitsa has been fielded in the units since 2006.

In the following years this Infantry Combat System (Barmitsa-M RE) had several enhancements based on implementation of design features particularly suited for different occupations and implementation of new materials and technologies. The technological advance, achieved during Ekipirovka-21 R&D, made it possible to switch to Barmitsa-2 development project. In the framework of this development project the II generation basic infantry combat system kit was developed.

The infantry combat system includes personal weapon, some elements of data-sighting system as well as command and control systems.

The Prevoskhodstvo R&D provided the technological advance to carry out several full-scale activities on further development of infantry combat system. When drafting the State Arms Program-2015 the Federal Special-Purpose Program (FSPP) for Man-Portable Infantry and Special Combat System of Russian Armed Forces and other Law Enforcement Services and Military Formations was adopted. The FSPP was developed on request of Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of Russian Ministry of Defence with cooperation of 11th Directorate of Chief of Armaments of Russian Armed Forces, 3rd Central Research and Development Establishment of MoD, Central Research and Development Establishement TOCHMASH, Speztekh nika i Svayz Research and Produc tion Association of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Operational Control Directorate of Federal Border Guard Service HQ, Directorate of Scientific and Technical Logistics of Federal Security Service of Russia, Material Department of EMERCOM, Armament Service of Federal Protective Service.

The Program had four stages:

■ I stage (1999-2000) - arrangement of large-scale manufacturing of the Barmitsa Infantry Combat System;

■ II stage (2001-2005) - development and arrangement of largescale manufacturing of Barmitsa-2, II generation Infantry Combat System;

■ III stage (2006-2010) - development and arrangement of largescale manufacturing of Ratnik, III generation Infantry Combat System;

■ IV stage (2010-2015) - largescale manufacturing of Ratnik Infantry Combat System and R&D activities on its further enhancement based on technological advance that was achieved during pilot and basic studies carried out at previous stages.

Based on the results of Barmitsa-2 R&E in 2004, the Permyachka-O Infantry Combat System was included into the supply inventory under designation 6B21 (6B22). It is designed for protection of vitalses against small arms, all-round ballistic protection against fragments of projectiles, mines, grenades. It also protects from beyond-armour local blast injury, thermal effects, atmospheric exposure, mechanical damages.

Additionally, R&E and R&D on individual approaches are in progress. For example, 6B44 military assault flak jacket, included into MoD supply inventory in July 2010, was developed within Zabralo-Sh R&E. The similar works are being carried out for other components of PCG. According to the representative of 3rd Central Research and Development Establishment of Russian MoD, the completion of activities on Boets-XXI Program, which would include exoskeleton features, is scheduled by 2015. New Infantry Combat System is planned to weight 22 kilograms. It will be 14 kilograms lighter than later version.

At the present time the limit weight of Infantry Combat System counts 36 kilograms, that significantly overweights a permissible value for military personnel.

Modern Infantry Combat System of military personnel is a complex of five essential systems: weapons, protection, command and control, survival and power supply. These systems are interconnected by both functions and design. The priority objectives in ICS development are assumed as follows:

■ automatic target detection and acquisition, preparation of initial firing data (all day and weather);

■ improvement of fire accuracy from both stable and unstable firing positions, improvement of projectile kill performance;

■ possibility of multi-mode firing without alignment of line of sight with eye when stationary ore mobile as well as from the cover;

■ tactical communication support, receipt and transmission of voice, digital and video data;

■ tactical command and control, target designation, personal situational awareness;

■ health monitoring of personal physical and mental state.

WEAPON SYSTEMS

The weapon systems combine small arms, cutting weapon, hand grenades, close-range grenade launchers, man-portable assault flamers, ammunitions and sighting devices.

The small arms of Barmitsa Infantry Combat System consists of:

■ 9 mm pistols: PM, PYa, GSh-18, SPS

■ 12.7 mm heavy machine gun: Kord State trials were conducted and introduction was recommended for 7.62 mm, 9 mm, and 12.7 sniping systems as a part of new sniper rifles, sniper ammunition and new day and night sights developed based

on the results of Vzlomshchik R&D. The modernisation was conducted for all types and kinds of small arms ammunition focusing on penetration and kill performance improvement in order to ensure personnel engagement.

Modern sighting devices ensure an effective application of small arms under various weather conditions, day and night.

Small arms instrumentation includes iron sight as well as scope sight and electro-optical sights being developed within Tyulpan, Giperon, Zapev, Magnus REs Russian collimating sight is designed for aimed firing by AK74, AK74M, AK101, AK102, AK105, AK107, AK108, AN-94 assault rifles. The aiming is performed by using one or both eyes. The luminous element is designed for aiming mark bias in order to ensure twilight and night firing. The sight is equipped with height and direction alignment unit. The sight is serviceable at air temperatures from -50°С to + 50°С and air relative humidity 98% at temperature +25°С. The sight weights 0.3 kg. Modern night sights for Russian small arms are generally based on electro-optical image intensifiers of 2,2+ and 3 generation. For personal automatic small arms UT-1M XD4 night vision monocular is provided, which is designed for observation (hand-portable, mask or helmet-mounted), detection, night photo and video survey and night firing. It is designed as a part of sighting system. The usage of UT-1M with collimating sight provides a suitable, lightweight, day-night sighting system, which has a wide lookout angle, easy aiming, no parallax, light weight, endurance, all-weather and all-day capabilities. The design features of UT-1M allow (without any changes) using modern and advanced electro-optical converters of Russian and foreign origin. The monocular is developed for operation even in the most severe weather conditions: working temperature range -40 to +50°С, sealed, withstands a dip at up to 2 m depth for 2 hours. The device has special coated high-aperture optics, removable lens of 2.4, 3.0, and 5 magnification. Moreover, the standard lens (1x) can be improved by attaching extensions enlarging its range up to 3 and 5 magnifications.

The device has built-in LED bias, invisible for unaided eye (wavelength is 950 nm), which allows a discreet application of the device for close combat at intense darkness. With bias enabled a light indication, informing that the device is in active mode, appears in operator's field of vision. The device design incorporates lens overfocusing for observation of both distance and near objects.

The UT-1M is compact with suitable rubber eye guard. It is possible to equip the monocular with special eye guard of "cat's eye" type, which keeps the operator to be hardly detected. The device can be mounted to face mask or helmet and used as night vision goggles. Additionally, the mounting principle of the monocular provides quick and safe installation of monocular and its adoption to anthropological peculiarities of an operator, which is facilitated by a sufficient number of adjusters.

It also provides fast (3-5 sec) change of eyes without using any tools, quick and safe switching of monocular to off (upper) position, possibility to use for night firing with mounted collimating sight. All functions of device control (on-off and bias) are performed by a single button via a special algorithm.

PROTECTION SYSTEM

The protection system combines personal protective equipment, protective equipment against NBC effects and NLWs, alert warning devices. The development and production of body armour gear (BAG) is one of few sectors in Russian military-industrial complex, where the private business is playing a key role. It is pleasant to see that noticeable success in development of personal combat gear components is achieved within this stream. The private business invests its own assets

into study and development, has put its products of personal ballistic protection to the level of the best global counterparts while some of their items are dramatically excelling the global level.

The trials of foreign BAGs captured in South Ossetia in August 2008, which were conducted on the Rzhev firing range in the Leningrad Region, demonstrated that none of these gears of USA, RSA, Israel, Ukraine origins possessed advantages over

Russian aramid-composite flak jackets (FJ) and helmets.

The production of cutting-edge flak jackets and composite helmets is one of knowledge-intensive sectors in Russian industry, which involves many experts from chemists, supplied with high-molecular polymers and producing heavy-duty aramid fibres, to integrators and engineers, manufacturing equipment, outfit and protection devices themselves.

Each Russian BAG item is subject to prolonged firing, performance, range and service trials for exposure of various adverse factors and compatibility with other components of combat gear (CG). Sometimes the adjustment of CG components

takes several years. The Americans were the pioneers in development of new generation BAGs. The assessment of U.S.

Army causality has shown that 70-75% injuries were shrapnel wounds; the most of them being body ones.

During the Korean War GIs were provided with flak jackets of sandwich nylon. With these flak jackets the USA entered the Vietnam War while these BAG models did not protect against small arms bullets but only against small fragments. The birth of Kevlar, extra strong synthetic material developed in 1995 by DuPont (USA), and special ceramics let the USA to launch production of flak jackets capable to protect their soldiers against bullets more or less.

The USSR adoption of flak jackets was late a little, but the Afghanistan War became a drive for further development. The first development was Zh-81 military flak jacket introduced in 1981, which was made of 30 layers of SVM fabric (SVM is a Soviet counterpart of Kevlar) and sewed in armour plates of 1.25 mm thick. Unfortunately, it provided protection against fragments only; a rifle bullet could penetrate it from 400-600 meters even. That was why in 1985 it was substituted by Zh-85T and Zh- 85K flak jackets, in which thicker armour plates of titanium and boron carbide were implemented.

The unified flak jacket was included into supply inventory in 1986 and designated as 6B5 (Zh-86). The new flak jacket is a jacket which accommodated soft ballistic shields of TSVM-DZh fabric and so-called mounting pads, pouches of which accommodated armour plates. The protection design could utilise armour plates of ceramics, titanium and steel. Depending on type of protection design and, accordingly, protection class provided, the flak jacket had nine modifications.

Theoretically, a flak jacket can be reinforced by an armour plate even capable to withstand a bullet of heavy machine gun. But by no means can it safe a soldier's life. The armour, steel, Kevlar or composite, merely stops a bullet or fragment:

only a part of bullet/fragment kinetic energy is transformed into heat during plastic deformations of flak jacket and bullet itself. However, the impact is still present. And on impact into flak jacket the bullet causes a heavy strike, which often breaks ribs and hurts soldier's vitals. To absorb that impact, shock pads of sponge elastic materials are used. But they have limited energy consumption. That is why improving a bullet resistance of flak jacket is reasonable only for particular limits.

Generally the development of Russian BAGs may be divided by the protective elements used in them: armoclad designs; laminar designs; monoblock armour plates for vitals. The evolution process of Russian BAGs shows a gradual shift of armature quality criteria - from strictly protective function to complexity of characteristics, amidst which ergonomic parameters become playing a key role. At the present time the up-todate flak jacket is 6B43 military assault flak jacket for Army, VDV, Marines and Spec Ops. In extended version the FJ provides body perimeter protection against fragments, cutting weapons and small arms bullets (including SVD B-32 and .338 Lapua Magnum) during any kind of mission including close combat.

To carry out a specific mission more efficiently, there is a possibility for adaptive configuration of fragment and bullet protection. The FJ is of modular design. Except conventional thoracic and dorsal sections it is equipped with the following

modules:

■ bullet-proof, side

■ ballistic-proof, inguinal with additional bullet-proof armour plate

■ ballistic-proof, shoulder

■ ventilated and shock-absorbing The ceramic-composite reinforced armour plates provide a perimeter protection at short ranges against SVD B-32 bullet from 10 m, against .338 Lapua Magnum bullet from 300 m. The 6B43 FJ is manufactured in three sizes. The adjusting system provides an easy fitting. The weight of FJ with extended configuration does not exceed 15 kg. For quick (no more than 3 seconds) removal in case of emergency the FJ is equipped with quick release device. On external surface there is a unified mounting system allowing arranging removable pouches of UMTBS gear (6Sh122 multi-purpose load-carrying jacket) or of any other personal combat gear kit equipped with modular mounting system of removable pouches, compatible with UMTBS design or its foreign counterparts MOLLE or PALS.

According to requirements of new flak jacket research engineering, the unified military flak jacket shall ensure personal protection (thoracic, dorsal) of class 5 as per Government Standard GOST R 50744-95. The flak jacket shall provide capability for insertion of armour plates ensuring protection (thoracic, dorsal) of class 6 (GOST R 50744-95) in the same projections

as of class 5 with using auxiliary equipage. Besides, quick-detachable armour plates ensuring protection class 6 shall be placed in the same inserts. The weight of unified flak jacket of protection class 5 of any size shall not exceed 7.6 kg and

of protection class 6 with full configuration shall not exceed 12 kg. Currently, Barmitsa PCGK utilizes helmets of 6B26 (lightweight), 6B27 (reinforced), 6B28 (airborne) and 6B7-1M (reinforced) designs. The modernization of helmets is on the go in the direction of enhancement of protective features, ergonomic parameters, integration with management and survival systems.

C4I SYSTEM

The C4I system combines automated process-control system; command, control, communications, computers and intelligence means. In 2007 Strelets KRUS C4I system was introduced, designed to carry out the main scope of data-information activities (tactical control, communications and data transfer, individual and group navigation, detection,

coordinate measuring and target acquisition, target designa tion, data output for engagement of small arms and close combat means). The interface of the system with unmanned aerial vehicle has been achieved. The integration of this system into the unified C4I sys tem of tactical group is also envisaged.

Personal multi-purpose data system includes improved personal radio set with video data feed features, central computer, audible and optic means for information presentation, components of personal and group means for target designation, friendorfoe system, situational awareness and navigation.

Communication range inside the group (unit) is 1.5 km; VHFbased communication range to command is up to 10 km, satellitebased - 5,000 km. Data transfer rate is up to 11 Mbit/sec. Continuous run time of management and communication means is not less than 7 hours. Positioning error with use of satellite global positioning systems (GLONASS, GPS) is not more

than 20 metres.

Different devices and equipment can be interfaced with Strelets system including: angle-distance measuring device, laser range finder, laser designator pod, ground reconnaissance radars, tactical UAVs, directional antennas, satellite communication sets, NBC gauges, IR and TV scanners, sights, friend-or-foe components, mine detector.

The advanced multi-purpose management system including communication, designation, positioning, navigation and data exchange means (integrated into integrated C4I Sozvezdie-M at the Tactical Level) in combination with reconnaissance

and engagement systems provides as follows:

■ Robust encrypted voice communication and data transactions (target designation and management commands, data on tactical situation, etc.)

■ Positioning with respect to location and orientation of personnel with display indication

■ Personnel natural perception of real-time environment in audio-frequency range and automatic protection of acoustic apparatus against high power blast wave impact caused by firing and explosions

■ Automatic secure fake-resistant friend-or-foe identification

■ Survey of environment within predetermined sector, reconnaissance of enemy personnel and materiel, IFF, target type designation

■ Control of firing from various small arms against personnel, ground and air assets including mobile individual, group and area targets

■ Display of survey information, aiming marks, alerts and other data received via communication and data links with ensuring eye protection against laser systems and the like

■ Conversion and processing of data received from alert warning and health monitoring systems, its preparation and transfer via communication links and generation of executive signals

SURVIVAL SYSTEM

The survival system includes personal combat gear, engineering aids, clothing, rations, drugs and personal functional state monitoring aids. One of key components of personal combat gear is so-called tactical vest, a system ensuring a suitable wearing of weapons, ammunitions and equipment. The shoulder straps and belt, which were supplied for Soviet Army soldiers, were hard to be regarded as suitable for daily usage in combat. The operations of Armed Forces within Afghanistan War did not impel our industry to develop a suitable infantry tactical vest, thus soldiers began crafting, sewing designs in one's own way. Such bandoleer was slang denoted as military bra.

The most advanced designs at that date were craftworks sewed from two pouches of RD-54 airborne packs, thankfully that RD-54 packs were supplied to airborne assault brigades, GRU and KGB special forces in great numbers. That bra could accommodate 4 AKM magazines and 4 grenades. More rowdy, purely infantry design was achieved by sewing two regular pouches for AKM and AK74, to which rucksack straps or canvas rifle belts were sewed.

Only in 1988 well-known POYAS-A, first industrial tactical vest, was introduced to service. The designers tried to incorporate all remarks of soldiers: pouches for assault rifle magazines to store two magazines in each (including bundle of magazines pair), grenade pouches to be arranged by one above other, which would facilitate access to them and grenade removal under combat conditions, sewed semi-rings for rockets were added. The POYAS-B tactical vest could be additionally attached

to this vest by using two canvas straps and stow 10 VOG-25 grenades for GP-25 under-barrel grenade launcher.

The multi-purpose modular loadcarrying assault equipment (UMTBS) was developed under Barmitsa RE. It was designed for mounting and carrying personal combat and march load of any service person of the Russian Armed Forces.

Due to its modular design the UMTBS (designated as 6Sh112) provides a rational arrangement of gear components into removable attached pouches in accordance with individual needs and mission objectives. It is a Russian alternative

for STRIKE and MOLLE gears, de facto standard foreign equipment.

■ Vest support - 1 pc.;

■ Pouches for 2 AK74 magazines and flares (left, right) - 2 pcs;

■ Pouch for 2 AK74 magazines - 2 pcs;

■ Pouch for RGO, RGN, RGD-5 and F-1 hand grenades - 4 pcs;

■ Pouch, multi-purpose - 2 pcs;

■ Pouch for radio set - 1 pc.;

■ Pouch for small infantry shovel (fold entrenching shovel) - 1 pc.;

■ Holster, multi-purpose - 1 pc.;

■ Pouch for 2/4 pistol magazines -2 pcs;

■ Holster extension - 1 pc.;

■ Pack-pouch, combat (ratio bag) - 1 pc.;

The equipment can be additionally extended by assault pack or patrol pack, or backpack; all pouches are compatible with M.O.L.L.E. components. The 6Sh112 UMTBS weights 2.6 kg.

The survival system is being continuously improved in terms of new materials development for BDU, underwear, boots and personnel property with its ergonomic characteristics being enhanced. It is planned to improve the system by implementing

gear components corresponding to different roles of personnel, electronic medical records and health monitoring features (including group health recording and processing means), personnel remote search systems in case of injury or KIA (custodial system). The separate components incorporated into medical means group are being improved almost annually (disposal injectors for automatic injection of fluid drugs and antidotes, personal first aid dressing); new technologies for production of modern hemostatic agents and dressing, rations have been developed and adopted. There is a development of advanced individual meals ready to eat and survival rations based on new approaches towards their composition in accordance with findings of integrated experimental studies on impact of their composition to personnel health. Kit and personal property development (advanced kit and personal property meeting requirements to advanced system) keeps running. The survival system of advanced infantry combat gear will be generally integrated into combat gear kit and provide an automatic internal environment control, health monitoring of personal physical and mental state under mission conditions.

In general the realisation of Special-Purpose Program allows ensuring infantry mission completion duringboth peacetime and war.

Smile