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Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company. Officially known as Public Stock Company Tupolev, it is the successor of the famed Tupolev OKB or Tupolev Design Bureau (OKB-156, design office prefix Tu) headed by the renowned Soviet aerospace engineer A.N. Tupolev. The company celebrated its 80th anniversary on October 22, 2002. It is headquartered in Moscow. The Russian government is planning to merge Tupolev with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation.[1]
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The capabilities of PSC Tupolev include development, manufacturing and overhaul for both civil and military aerospace products such as aircraft and weapons systems. It is also active in missile and naval aviation technologies. Throughout its existence more than 300 projects have been completed. More than 18,000 Tupolev aircraft were produced for the USSR and the Eastern Bloc.

History

Tupolev OKB was founded by Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev in 1922. Its facilities are tailored for aeronautics research and aircraft design only, manufacturing is handled by other firms. It undertook research on all-metal airplanes in the 1920s.
Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky, the largest airplane of the 1930s, was used for Stalinist propaganda and was often flown over Moscow.
Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky, the largest airplane of the 1930s, was used for Stalinist propaganda and was often flown over Moscow.

Among its notable results during the period was the heavy bomber, where Tupolev's design approach defined for many years the trends of heavy aircraft development, civil and military.

In World War II, the twin-engined, all-metal Tu-2 'Bat' was one of the best front-line bombers of the Soviets. Several variants of it were produced in large numbers from 1942. During the war it used wooden rear fuselages due to a shortage of metal.

In 1945, four Boeing B-29 Superfortresses landed in Soviet territory after missions over Japan. They were quickly copied by the design bureau and formed the basis of the first Soviet intercontinental strategic bomber, the Tu-4 'Bull' ("Bull" was its NATO reporting name), which first flew in 1947 and was produced in substantial numbers. The Tu-4 proved critical to Tupolev's postwar development, with many of its most important subsequent aircraft leveraging off of the reverse-engineering of the Boeing aircraft.

This was followed by the development of the jet-powered Tu-16 'Badger' bomber, based on an enlarged version of the B-29/Tu-4 fuselage, which used a sweptback wing for good subsonic performance.

As turbojets were not fuel efficient enough to provide truly intercontinental range, the Soviets elected to design a new bomber, the Tu-20 'Bear', more commonly referred to as the Tu-95. It, too, was based on the fuselage and structural design of the Tu-4, but with four colossal Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines providing a unique combination of jet-like speed and long range. It became the definitive Soviet intercontinental bomber, with intercontinental range and jet-like performance. In many respects the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, it served as a strategic bomber and in many alternate roles, including reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.

The Tu-16 was developed into the civil Tu-104 'Camel', which was for some time the only jet-powered airliner flying following the temporary grounding of the De Havilland Comet. The Tu-95 became the basis of the unique Tu-114 'Cleat' medium-to-long-range airliner, the fastest turboprop aircraft ever. One common feature found in many large subsonic Tupolev jet aircraft is large pods extending rearward from the trailing edge of the wings, holding the aircraft's landing gear. These allow the aircraft to have landing gears made up of many large low-pressure tires, which are invaluable for use on the poor quality runways that were common in the Soviet Union at the time. For example the Tu-154 'Careless' airliner, the Soviet equivalent of the Boeing 727 has 14 tyres, the same number as Boeing's far larger 777-200.

Even before the first flights of the Tu-16 and Tu-20/Tu-95, Tupolev was working high-speed supersonic bombers, culminating in the unsuccessful Tu-98 'Backfin'. Although that aircraft never entered service, it became the basis for the prototype Tu-102 (later developed into the Tu-28 'Fiddler' interceptor) and the Tu-105, which evolved into the supersonic Tu-22 'Blinder' bomber in the mid-1960s. Intended as a counterpart to the Convair B-58 Hustler, the 'Blinder' proved rather less capable, although ironically it remained in service far longer than the American aircraft. Meanwhile the "K" Department was formed in the Design Bureau, with the task of designing unmanned aircraft such as the Tu-139 and the Tu-143 unmanned reconnaissance aircraft.
Tu-144 supersonic airliner
Tu-144 supersonic airliner

The 1960s also saw the ascendance of A. N. Tupolev's son, A. A. Tupolev. His role includes the development of the world's first supersonic airliner, the Tu-144 'Charger', the popular Tu-154 'Careless' airliner and the Tu-22M 'Backfire' strategic bomber. All these developments enabled the Soviet Union to achieve strategic military and civil aviation parity with the West.

In the 1970s, Tupolev concentrated its efforts on improving the performance of the Tu-22M bombers, whose variants included maritime versions. It is the presence of these bombers in quantity that brought about the SALT I and SALT II treaties. Also the efficiency and performance of the Tu-154 was improved, culminating in the efficient Tu-154M.
Tu-160, the last of the Soviet bombers
Tu-160, the last of the Soviet bombers

In the 1980s the design bureau developed the supersonic Tu-160 'Blackjack' strategic bomber. Features include variable-geometry wings and no tail gun.

[edit] Post Soviet times

With the end of the Cold War, research work was concentrated on subsonic civil aircraft, mainly on operating economics and alternative fuels. The developments include fly-by-wire, use of efficient high-bypass turbofans and advanced aerodynamic layouts for the 21st century transport aircraft such as the Tu-204/Tu-214, Tu-330 and Tu-334.

Among current Tupolev projects:

* further development of Tu-204/214 and TU-334 aircraft family
* development of cargo aircraft Tu-330, regional and executive Tu-324 aircraft
* research on practical aspects of aircraft operation using alternative fuels
* modernization of Russian Naval Aviation and Air Force

[edit] Directors

* Andrei Nikolayevich Tupolev was a leading designer at the Moscow-based Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) from 1929 until his death in 1972. This design bureau produced mostly bombers and airliners.
* Alexei Tupolev, son of Andrei Tupolev, was also a famous aircraft designer. His most famous design was the supersonic airliner Tupolev Tu-144. He led Tupolev until his death in 2001.

[edit] Tupolev aircraft

Many designs have come out from the design bureau. Those in production series may have runs up to 4,500 as in Tu-2. However many are also dead-ends or experimental, with as little as a single copy being produced. They were killed by changing military or political situations. Many of these experimental variants pave the way for series production versions. In the West, Soviet aircraft are better known by their NATO code-names. The code-names are shown where applicable.

[edit] Early piston-powered

* ANT-1 - The first aircraft by A.N.T. and the first soviet-made aircraft. Mixed materials design. The work started in 1911. The assembly began in 1922. The tests were cancelled due to engine malfunction.
* ANT-2 - Two passenger aircraft. The first soviet all-metal aircraft.
* ANT-3/R-3 - All-metal two-seats recce biplane. 1925. About 100 were built.
* ANT-3 Pervenets - torpedo boat (not an aircraft!). It was put afloat 14 March 1928.
* ANT-4/TB-1 - All-metal twin-engined (M-17B) monoplane heavy bomber. 1929. There were 212 aircraft built. There was G-1 cargo version.
* ANT-5 - Prototype of I-4 fighter. The first aircraft designed by Pavel Sukhoi. 1927. 369 were built. I-4 was in service in 1928-1933.
* ANT-6/TB-3 - Four-engine development of TB-1. 1930. There was G-2 cargo version.
* ANT-7/R-6/KR-6/MR-6 - Development of TB-1 as reconnaissance (R-6), "cruiser" (escort fighter, KR-6), and maritime patrol/torpedo bomber (MR-6). 1929.
* ANT-8/MDR-2 - Maritime long range recce flying boat. 1931.
* ANT-13/I-8 - Fighter. 1929.
* ANT-14 - Large five-engined propaganda monoplane.
* ANT-16/TB-4 - Six-engine version of TB-3, predecessor of ANT-20.
* ANT-20 Maxim Gorky - Eight-engine huge cargo/propaganda aircraft.
* ANT-21/MI-3 - Multiseat fighter. Development of R-6. 1932.
* ANT-22/MK-1 - Armoured six-engine recce flying boat. 1934.
* ANT-23/I-12 - Experimental twin-engined fighter equipped with two recoilless 75mm cannons. 1931.
* ANT-25 - Single engine monoplane long range bomber. Designed by Pavel Sukhoi. ANT-25RD (RD for "Rekord Dalnosty", i.e. "Range Record") was used in record flight from Moscow to San Jacinto, California, USA over the North Pole - 10148km. 1933.
* ANT-40 - Medium bomber, also known as SB-2
* Tu-2 'Bat' (ANT-58/ANT-61) (1939)
* Tu-4 'Bull', copied from seized B-29 Superfortresses. Initial name is B-4 (The A.N.T. want not give his name to the aircraft designed outside of his OKB).
* Tu-10 'Frosty'

[edit] Experimental airplanes

* Tu-1
* Tu-6
* Tu-8
* Tu-12
* Tu-70
* Tu-72
* Tu-73
* Tu-74
* Tu-75
* Tu-80
* Tu-82
* Tu-85 'Barge'
* Tu-91 'Boot'
* Tu-93
* Tu-96
* Tu-98 'Backfin'
* Tu-102
* Tu-105
* Tu-107
* Tu-110 'Cooker'
* Tu-116
* Tu-119
* Tu-125
* Tu-155
* Tu-156
* Tu-206
* Tu-216

[edit] Bombers and other military types

* Tu-14 'Bosun'
* Tu-16 'Badger'
* Tu-20/Tu-95 'Bear-A' and modifications
* Tu-142 'Bear-F', anti-submarine
* Tu-22 'Blinder'
* Tu-22M/Tu-26 'Backfire'
* Tu-126 'Moss'
* Tu-160 'Blackjack'

* Tu-121C
* Tu-123 Yastreb-1
* Tu-139 Yastreb-2
* Tu-141 Strizh
* Tu-143 Reis
* Tu-243 Reis-D
* Tu-300
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