Karavela :: Nauka ~ Tehnika ~ Military

Heh pocetak mlazne ere u SFRJ....
Jako lepo avionce...

The SE 210 Caravelle was the first short/medium-range jet airliner, produced by the French Sud Aviation firm starting in 1955 (when it was still known as SNCASE). It is considered to be one of the first successful jet airliner designs, as the earlier de Havilland Comet had suffered a series of in-flight breakups that led to it being withdrawn from service for years, and the Avro Jetliner being cancelled. The Caravelle would go on to be one of the most successful first generation jetliners, selling throughout Europe and even penetrating the United States market, with an order for 20 from United Airlines. The Caravelle established the aft-mounted-engine, clean-wing design that has since been used on a wide variety of subsequent aircraft.

On 12 October 1951 the Comité du Matériel Civil (civil aircraft committee) published a specification for a medium range aircraft, which was later sent to the industry by the Direction Technique et Industrielle. This called for an aircraft carrying 55 to 65 passengers and 1,000 kg of cargo on routes up to 2,000 km with a cruise speed about 600 km/h. The type and number of engines wasn't specified. Various design studies for aircraft in this category had been underway since 1946 by several of the leading French aircraft manufacturing organisations, but none had the financial power to start construction.

Response from the French industry was strong, with every major manufacturer sending in at least one proposal, with a total of 20 different designs were received. Most of the proposals used all-turbojet power, although Breguet entered a number of designs for both turbojet and turboprop types; among these was one for an Atar-powered tri-jet to be developed in association with the SNCA du Nord and a turboprop type, all known as Br. 978. Hurel-Dubois entered several turboprop designs based on a narrow fuselage and shoulder mounted wing similar to many regional propliners. Proposals from the SNCA du Sud-Ouest included the S.O.60 with two Rolls-Royce Avon RA.7 engines, with two smaller Turbomeca Marborés as auxiliaries. SNCA du Sud-Est returned a number of designs from the X-200 to X-210, all of them pure-jet.

After studying the various entries, the Comité du Matériel Civil cut the list to three entrants on 28 March 1952: the four-engined Avon/Marbore S.0.60, the twin-Avon Hurel-Dubois project, and the three-Avon Sud-Est X-210. At this point Rolls-Royce started offering a new version of the Avon that could develop 9,000 lbf (40 kN) thrust, making the auxiliary engines on the S.O.60 and the third engine on the X-210 unnecessary.

The Committee requested SNCASE re-submit the X-210 as a twin-Avon design. In doing so they decided not to bother moving the remaining engines from their rear-mounted position; most designs mounted the engines under the wing where they can be mounted on the spar for lower overall weight, but SNCASE felt the savings weren't worth the effort. This turned out to be a benefit to the design, as the cabin noise was greatly reduced. The revised X-210 design with twin Avons was re-submitted to the SGACC in July 1952.

Two months later the SNCASE received official notification that its design had been accepted. On 6 July 1953 the SGACC ordered two prototypes and two static airframes for fatigue testing. Sud's design licensed several fuselage features from de Havilland, a company Sud had dealings with for several earlier designs. The nose area and cockpit layout were both taken directly from the Comet, while the rest of the plane was locally designed.

The first prototype was rolled out on 21 April 1955, and flew on May 27, the second followed a year later on 6 May 1956. The first prototype had a cargo door on the lower left side of the fuselage, but this was removed the second prototype for an all-seating arrangement. The first order was from Air France in 1956, followed by SAS in 1957. That year Sud-Est merged with Sud-Ouest to become Sud Aviation, but the original SE naming was retained. More orders followed, mainly triggered by presentations on airshows and demonstrations to potential customers. The Caravelle was certified in May 1959 and entered shortly after service with SAS and AF.

Several models were produced over the lifetime of the production run, as the power of the available engines grew and allowed for higher takeoff weights. By this time most of Sud Aviation's design department turned to a supersonic transport of the same general size and range as the Caravelle, naturally naming it the Super-Caravelle, however this work would later be merged with similar work at the Bristol Aeroplane Company to produce the Concorde. In some configurations, aircraft had a number of rearward facing passenger seats, an uncommon seating arrangement for civil aircraft.

In total 282 Caravelles of all types were built (2 prototype or pre-production aircraft and 280 production aircraft), with Sud Aviation's break-even point at around the 200 mark.

Models

* Caravelle I

Similar to the original prototypes, 20 sold; to Air France (10), SAS (6), Air Algérie (2), and VARIG (2). One of the VARIG examples was leased by Sud to Air Vietnam and Middle East Airlines before delivery to Royal Air Maroc.

* Caravelle IA

12 built. They were 50 cm longer than the prototype, had higher weights and bigger engines. Deliveries were to Air France, SAS, Air Algérie, Finnair, and Royal Air Maroc.

* Caravelle III

Same length as the IA, but again higher weights and bigger engines. The Series III was the best-selling Caravelle with 78 built. Out of the 32 Series I, 31 were upgraded to Series III specs. Major deliveries to Air France, as well as examples for Swissair, Alitalia, SAS, and Royal Air Maroc.

* Caravelle VI-N

Similar to the III, but with even-larger engines. Out of the 78 Series III, 5 were upgraded to Series VI N. Launched in 1960, 53 built.

* Caravelle VI-R

Similar to the VI-N, but added thrust reversers and spoilers. Launched in 1961, 56 built, 20 for United Airlines. Other series VI customers included Indian Airlines (9), Panair do Brasil (4), Cruzeiro do Sul 4 sold to Iberia Lineas Aeras De Espana (3), LAN Chile (3), Aerolineas Argentinas (3) and TAP Portugal (3). This was also used by Filipinas Orient Airways. [1]

* Caravelle VII : This was a modified Series III which was purchased by General Electric and equipped with GE CJ-805 engines. It would form the basis for later sales into the US. A TWA order for 20 aircraft was cancelled in favor of the DC-9.
* Caravelle 10A

Based on the Series VII, but intended for the US market. The 10A was 1 meter longer than the Series VI, with the windows were located 200 mm higher on the fuselage and an APU was installed in the rear. A modified wing with improved flaps was also included to meet FAA requirements. However TWA later cancelled its order due to financial problems, and by the time they were ready to purchase new designs the Douglas DC-9 was available. Only a single Caravelle 10A was ever built.

* Caravelle 10B (Super-Caravelle)

Based on the Series 10A, but mounting Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines instead of the General Electric models. The 10B first flew in 1964 and was produced as a run of 22 aircraft. Primary operator of the 10B was Finnair with 8 examples. Aviaco ordered 5 but this was cancelled, with those aircraft going to Sterling Airways, LTU, and Iberia. ALIA and JTA also acquired aircraft.

* Caravelle 10R

A combination of the 10B's engines on the Series VI-R fuselage, creating a smaller but higher powered plane. 20 built starting in 1965.

* Caravelle 11R

The 11R was a Series 10R with the cargo hold from the original prototype re-introduced. This enabled it to carry a mixed load of passengers and cargo. First flight of the series 11R was in 1967. A total of 6 planes was built and delivered to Air Afrique, Air Congo, and Transeuropa of Spain.

* Caravelle 12 (Super-Caravelle)

The Series 12 was a 10B with a noticeably longer fuselage, stretched by 3.2 meters, and a newer uprated version of the JT8D engines. This allowed for up to 128 passengers over a reduced range. The 12 was aimed primarily at the charter market, produced to 12 examples starting in 1972. By this point the original SST Super-Caravelle was in production as the Concorde, and the 12 was often referred to by this name. Launch customer for the Series 12 was Sterling Airways with 7 delivered, while the remaining 5 went to Air Inter. Series 12's flew in Europe until October 1996, and in Africa until recently.

Sa Wikipedie

Smile