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Tema: F-14 ekplodirao pri probijanju zvucnog zida  (Pročitano 6672 puta)
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Svaki avion ima konstrukcijska ogranicenja koja se moraju postovati. Kod vecine borbenih aviona koji su danas u upotrebi, kompjuter vodi racuna o ovome i ne dozvoljava pilotu da prekoraci ta ogranicenja. Da li je F-14 imao takav sistem, ili se on mogao iskljuciti, ne znam. Ovde se ocigledno radi o gresci pilota, koji je morao da zna sta sme, a sta nesme da radi sa ovim avionom.
E pa upravo to-"veštačka stabilnost". E sad F-14A to nije imao,F-14D ne znam da li ima...
A mora da je baja koji je ovo napravio veliki genije ako je iz pravolinijskog leta sa max. gasom hteo nagli zaokret.A što se tiče propagande, pa oni beše na Discovery kanalu vrte neku emisiju o 10 najboljih lovaca svih vremena gde je na prvom mestu F-18 Super Hornet..ha,ha,ha.Imam blagi utisak da bi te nabeđene "asove" u nekom dogfightu npr. francuzi pocepali kao svinja masan džak, a o rusima da i ne pričam..
« Poslednja izmena: 12. Dec 2007, 19:06:35 od Dule.B »
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Nisam mislio na vestacku stabilnost, vec na elektronski sistem komandi leta koji se zove "fly by wire". Naravno, bez ovog sistema ne bi bila moguca ni vestacka stabilnost aviona.
Sistem "fly by wire" u saradnji sa kompjuterskim softverom moze pilotu da onemoguci da dovede avion u nedozvoljeni polozaj u letu i upozorava ga ako avion ima tendenciju da upadne u kovit. Ako pilot ne reaguje na ova upozorenja, kompjuter na kratko preuzima upravljanje avionom i dovodi avion u bezbedan polozaj.
Americki mornaricki piloti borbenih aviona su jedni od najboljih u svetu. U to nema nikakve sumnje. Samo za poletanje i sletanje na nosac aviona, u razlicitim vremenskim uslovima je potrebna velika vestina. Medjutim, nisu svi bogom dani za taj posao i desava se (ne samo u Americi) da pojedini piloti precene svoje i mogucnosti samog aviona. Tada je katastrofa neizbezna.
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Fly Baby, fly...

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A sta bi sa navigatorom (drugim clanom posede) u ovom incidentu? Nije taj Bates valjda leteo sam. U svakom slucaju uspeli su da se katapultiraju tada, a posle  (ono sa ambarom) ne. A sto se tice Top Gun-a, haaaa, haaaaa!, cista propaganda, mada sam ja uzivao cisto u snimcima aviona koji lete. Smile
Americka kultura je inace bazirana na onome: najveci, najjaci, najbrzi. Glavni dasa u srednjoj skoli je glupi snagator koji je najbolji u americkom fudbalu.
Medjutim imaju oni i cool tipova. A Rusi, ne bih da pricam, pogledajte samo te Suhoje... ljudi Bozji, fantazija. Smile Smile Smile. A da se sprava onako leti treba biti pravi dasa, sto neko ovde jednpm negde rece: "talenat je to". Smile

Medjutim, nisu svi bogom dani za taj posao i desava se (ne samo u Americi) da pojedini piloti precene svoje i mogucnosti samog aviona. Tada je katastrofa neizbezna.
Slazem se 211.
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Resistance is futile

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Nisam mislio na vestacku stabilnost, vec na elektronski sistem komandi leta koji se zove "fly by wire". Naravno, bez ovog sistema ne bi bila moguca ni vestacka stabilnost aviona.
Sistem "fly by wire" u saradnji sa kompjuterskim softverom moze pilotu da onemoguci da dovede avion u nedozvoljeni polozaj u letu i upozorava ga ako avion ima tendenciju da upadne u kovit. Ako pilot ne reaguje na ova upozorenja, kompjuter na kratko preuzima upravljanje avionom i dovodi avion u bezbedan polozaj.
Americki mornaricki piloti borbenih aviona su jedni od najboljih u svetu. U to nema nikakve sumnje. Samo za poletanje i sletanje na nosac aviona, u razlicitim vremenskim uslovima je potrebna velika vestina. Medjutim, nisu svi bogom dani za taj posao i desava se (ne samo u Americi) da pojedini piloti precene svoje i mogucnosti samog aviona. Tada je katastrofa neizbezna.
Slušaj, garantujem ti da bi naši piloti u uslovima koje imaju amerikanci bili ništa lošiji, ako ne i bolji. A koji su to uslovi? Pa dobra obuka i mnooogooo prakse tj. letenja. Da ne pričam koliku platu ima američki navy pilot na nosaču...Što se tiče poletanja sa nosača ne vidim neku posebnu nauku da se podignu ruke sa komandi, a pod punim gasom-naknadnim sagorevanjem ga ispali parni katapult,pa kad preleti preko pramca onda ga povlači na uzgon. Dnevno sletanje, po njihovim sopstvenim izjavama. nije neki problem. To, naravno, treniraju prvo na kopnu-foru da kuka dotakne tlo pre markera-sajle za zaustavljenje. Noćno sletanje, opet po njihovom priznanju, je pravi košmar-posebno kad je kiša.
Kao što si i sam naveo veštačka stabilnost (bez koje npr. F-117 ne bi ni leteo) je neizbežna bez fly by wire  i upravo ovo ne bi smelo da se desi kada je taj sistem aktivan. F-14D zasigurno ima fly by wire, četvorostruki čini mi se..npr. ako F-16 padne u kovit pilot se vadi tako što pusti sve komande..
Koliko je meni poznato, mnogo je teže vertikalno spustiti Harijer na palubu nekog HMS, nego sleteti sa F-14 ili F-18 na nosač. Ishodi većine simulacija vazdušnih borbi NATO pakta bili su sledeći: u duelu Harijera i F-14, F-18 uveliko deblji kraj su izvukli amerikanci.
Dalje, gro "posla" na raznoraznim misijama USA širom sveta (pa i u usranom "milosrdnom anđelu") odrade usaf piloti,a ne navy piloti ,najveće učešće navy je sa F-18, ali manje od prvonavedenih.
A naši mučeni vojni piloti em ne lete, em kad lete lete isključivo flaj baj sajla sa praznim rezervoarom, možda je neki na nekom gostovanju i probao fly by wire. I nešto se ne sećam da je neki napravio ovakvu spektakularnu budalaštinu kao ovaj sa F-14
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Nisam ja uporedjivao americke pilote sa bilo kim. Samo kazem da ne stoji tvoja izjava kako oni nemaju pojma o letenju. Zaboravio si da se nosac aviona ne samo krece vec i konstantno ljulja gore dole. Takva simulacija na zemlji nije moguca.
Znam da F-14 ima sistem fly by wire, ali nisam siguran da li verzija F-14A ima ovaj softver za korekciju greske pilota i ako ga ima, da li se on moze iskljuciti.
Bilo je "budalastina" i u nasem vazduhoplovstvu. Kako za vreme SFRJ tako i kasnije. Ali to nije tema.
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Pa čim kažeš da su jedni od najboljih na svetu porediš ih sa drugima. Ja ne kažem da oni nemaju pojma, već da bi u bliskoj vazdušnoj borbi loše prošli,a ako je to činjenica kako su pa među najboljima ...ali to je delimično "zasluga" i aviona na kojima lete(što se ne može reći za F-15 i F-16).Njihovo umeće svodi se, uglavnom, na to sletanje po nemirnom moru na palubu, al' kao što rekoh ima tu i većih majstora.
F-14A nema fly by wire uopšte i ima poprilično slabe motore za tu masu.
Ako ništa to im je možda i najlepši avion..Zato su ga i izabrali za film Smile
Da ne tupim više, stvarno skrećemo sa teme Smile
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Fly by wire na F14A ?? Smile
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@Dule.B
Losi su ti podaci o mnogo cemu. Evo ti malo podataka o sistemu fly by wire i kompjuteru na ranim verzijama F-14: http://www.microcomputerhistory.com/f14rfish.htm
« Poslednja izmena: 12. Dec 2007, 22:46:52 od 211 »
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The Tomcat does not have fly-by-wire or artificial stability mechanisms. The control system consists of conventional rods and cables, springs and weights, servos and boosters. All of the control surfaces (including the variable sweep) have direct mechanical linkages, and only the spoilers have electrical drives.
http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f14_2.html
Nema F-14A fly by wire...Kasnije su ga budžili, kao i jače motore...F-14D je već sasvim druga priča..
I koji su mi to podaci loši?
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THE BIG QUESTION
Is the CADC designed in 1968 by Ray Holt and Steve Geller a microprocessor? The answer is "Yes".

The chip Ray and Steve called the SLF (Special Logic Function) is a single chip CPU. It contains an ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), instruction decoding, and control logic. In addition, not only did they design a microprocessor, they designed an entire family of compatible support chips, similar to the 1974 Motorola 6800 family of chips.

Their architecture included many advanced features including, execution pipelines, built-in boundary scan self test, math coprocessing, and multiprocessing. Their ROM (read only memory) included its own program counter, seven years before David Chung at Fairchild did the same with the F8. Their PDU and PMU chips are probably the world's first math coprocessors, a concept reintroduced by INTEL with the 8087 in 1979.

Furthermore, not only is the CADC a microprocessor, it is an advanced type of microprocessor called a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) commercially pioneered in 1980 by Texas Instruments.

BACKGROUND
In 1967 an engineer one year out of Cal Poly was asked by his employer to design an electronic F-14 flight computer to replace the mechanical computers used on the F-111. Without computer assist, the variable geometry F-14 was thought to be possibly unflyable.

The computer would be known as the CADC (Central Air Data Computer). It was to receive commands from the pilot and perform the actual control of the moveable surfaces (rudder, ailerons, etc.) in an optimized manner taking into account the variable sweep position of the wings. This type of aircraft control is called "fly-by-wire" since there is no mechanical connection between the pilot's movement of the stick and the control surfaces. The advantage of fly-by-wire is that the flight computer can make decisions to optimize the aircraft performance not possible with human reaction time. In 1968 this was a very advanced state of the art. The F-14 was the first producting fly-by-wire fighter. (NOTE: The Air Force claims it flew the first fly-by-wire fighter, a modified F4 in 1972. According to Grumman, the first F-14 flew in December 1970 and it began deployment to the fleet in 1972.)

THE MILITARY REQUIREMENT
The computation requirement was staggering for the time. Very small, very fast, very smart, and very rugged. Minicomputers of the same vintage executed instructions in the range of 500khz to 1mhz at room temperature, required a hundred or more watts of power, and consumed five or six cubic feet of space. The Navy required computing power more advanced than the leading minicomputers of the day, shrunk to the size of a paper back book, and able to perform in boiling water.

Heat is the enemy of computers. The electrons inside the transistors bump into each other more frequently at high temperature slowing them down. Today's PCs will drop dead if the fan quits running, long before the temperature of boiling water.

The most popular minicomputer of the time was Digital Equipment's PDP-8, a 12-bit machine. Twelve bits means that the computer could count to 4,095. To control the F14, the Navy required a 20-bit computer which could count to 1,048,575.

Simply stated, given the 1968 state of the art, the specification was not possible to meet. What was required was a significant advance of the state of the art.

THE SOLUTION
Three decades later, Mr. Holt's solution must still be viewed with awe. It is by any definition a technical tour-de-force of the first order. In light of today's of $400 toilet seats the CADC must be considered military procurement at its best.

Furthermore, it is unfortunate that the project was classified since if had been incorporated into a commercial product of the time, it could have certainly dominated the minicomputers of the time in real-time process control and possibly could have accelerated the microprocessor industry by five years and DSPs by a decade. AMI might have been INTEL
or at least Motorola.

HOW THEY DID IT
The solution was a multiprocessor general purpose microcomputer implemented in the most advanced P-MOS process of the time. Not only did the design team create a single-chip microcomputer, but they designed the memory chips to work with it, and the multiplier and divide coprocessor chips to accelerate math operations.

The solution was so mathematically intensive it was not possible with a single processor. The Holt/Geller design allowed as many as sixteen processors to be connected together. The F-14 version used three. Only last year INTEL was struggling to get its four processor Pentium systems to work.

THE INTEL 4004 AND CONTEMPORARY MICROCOMPUTER CONTEXT
The INTEL 4004 introduced around 1971 was essentially an early calculator chip, and not even the best in the industry. The motivation for its creation was the commercial "adding machine" market. The generalized solution chosen by Ted Hoff created a product that was less than optimum for a calculator but was a solution which might have utility in other areas.

The INTEL genius was marketing this calculator chip as a general purpose computing solution and continuing to invest in and enhance the microprocessor concept.

The 4004 was a 4-bit computer. It could count to 16. To perform the calculator operation it broke the problem down into many operations performed one-after-another. The business calculator it powered performed the four-function calculator operations; addition, subtraction, multiplication, division in response to a human pressing keys one-at-a-time.

The CADC on the other hand was evaluating sixth order polynomial expressions rapidly enough to move the control surfaces of a dogfighting swing-wing supersonic fighter. The 4004 could not interface to the real world analog signals required by a flight computer or any process controller.. It was at least a factor of twenty too slow to perform the complex math of the CADC. The 4004 absolutely could not have controlled a fighter aircraft. Not a dozen 4004s. Neither could the 4040, its successor introduced around 1973 nor the 8008 shortly thereafter.

The INTEL 8080 and 6800 introduced in 1974 were 8-bit processors and could count to 255. The first commercial 16-bit microcomputers were the National Semiconductor PACE and a design by General Instruments, both introduced around 1975. The Nitron division of McDonald Douglas produced a classified military 16-bit processor called the Actron in the 1973 time-frame. There may have been other classified projects of the early 70's yet to be disclosed. The National, GI and McDonald Douglas chips while only 16-bits, were close to the performance as the CADC. They were also five to seven years later.

The CADC was optimized for computer control of time critical operations, like the much later DSP chips. DSP's process very complex mathematical problems at high speed. Many minicomputers of 1968 were doing similar control of factory processes and machine tools. Some of the highest volume microprocessors today are found performing similar functions in automobile emission control, fuel injection systems, and just about every military and large commercial aircraft.

PERSPECTIVE
INTEL's place in microprocessor history is secured by a certain amount of technical prowess including the process wizardry of Andy Grove, the manufacturing genius of Bob Noyce, and the marketing skill of Gordon Moore.

In the strictly technical dimension INTEL historically wasn't always first or even the best. The INTEL 1103 DRAM was inferior to AMI DRAMs which had on-chip sense amps. The 8080 was slower than the 6800, 6502, and even Signetics 2650. The INTEL 8088 was definitely architecturally inferior to the Motorola 68000. The hated segment registers are a standing joke in the industry to this day. Just as the quarterback with the strongest arm and fleetest feet doesn't always win, the product with the greatest technical merit doesn't always make the most money. INTEL has consistently won the financial game despite being occasionally late or lacking in technology.

They have done it with a little lucky, a lot of foresight, and intense execution.

INTEL's success in no way diminishes the recently declassified accomplishments of Mr. Holt and Mr. Geller three decades ago.

WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN
After completing the CADC, Mr. Holt was hired by AMI where he completed the design of an advanced microprocessor dubbed the 7200. One day in 1972, AMI management determined that there was no future in microprocessors, and fired the entire microprocessor staff of 18. In its last fiscal year, AMI reported sales of $266 million. INTEL reported sales of $21billion.
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