Ateisti najugroženija “religija” :: Religija ~ Filozofija ~ Sociologija

Religious people are less intelligent than atheists, according to analysis of scores of scientific studies stretching back over decades

Study found 'a reliable negative relation between intelligence and religiosity' in 53 out of 63 studies

A new review of 63 scientific studies stretching back over decades has concluded that religious people are less intelligent than non-believers.

A piece of University of Rochester analysis, led by Professor Miron Zuckerman, found “a reliable negative relation between intelligence and religiosity” in 53 out of 63 studies.

According to the study entitled, 'The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Meta-Analysis and Some Proposed Explanations', published in the 'Personality and Social Psychology Review', even during early years the more intelligent a child is the more likely it would be to turn away from religion.

In old age above average intelligence people are less likely to believe, the researchers also found.

One of the studies used in Zuckerman's paper was a life-long analysis of the beliefs of 1,500 gifted children with with IQs over 135.

The study began in 1921 and continues today. Even in extreme old age the subjects had much lower levels of religious belief than the average population.

The review, which is the first systematic meta-analysis of the 63 studies conducted in between 1928 and 2012, showed that of the 63 studies, 53 showed a negative correlation between intelligence and religiosity, while 10 showed a positive one.

Only two studies showed significant positive correlations and significant negative correlations were seen in a total of 35 studies.

The authors of the review looked at each study independently, taking into account the quality of data collection, the size of the sample and the analysis methods used.

The three psychologists carrying out the review defined intelligence as the “ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience”.

Religiosity is defined by the psychologists as involvement in some (or all) facets of religion.

According to the review, other factors - such as gender or education - did not make any difference to the correlation between intelligence and religious belief.

The level of belief, or otherwise, did however vary dependent upon age with the correlation found to be weakest among the pre-college population.

The paper concludes that: "Most extant explanations (of a negative relation) share one central theme —the premise that religious beliefs are irrational, not anchored in science, not testable and, therefore, unappealing to intelligent people who 'know better'."

Criticisms of the conclusions include that the paper only deals with a definition of analytic intelligence and fails to consider newly identified forms of creative and emotional intelligence.

The psychologists who carried out the review also sought to pre-empt the secularist interpretation of the findings by suggesting that more intelligent people are less likely to have religious beliefs as they associate themselves with ideas around personal control.

"Intelligent people typically spend more time in school - a form of self-regulation that may yield long-term benefits," the researchers wrote.

"More intelligent people get higher level jobs (and better employment (and higher salary) may lead to higher self-esteem, and encourage personal control beliefs."

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Ateisti su pametniji od vjernika

Inteligentniji ljudi skloniji su liberalnim vrijednostima, a zaziru od vjerskih dogmi, tvrdi se u novom istraživanju. Muškarci s visokim IQ-om, pak, imaju tendenciju da budu monogamni.

Studija objavljena u znanstvenom časopisu Social Psychology Quarterly govori o tome kako ljudi formiraju osnovne vrijednosti i stavove.

Ljudi s prosječno višom inteligencijom će pokazivati sklonosti vrijednostima koje su relativno nove u ljudskoj povijesti, kao što su liberalizam i ateizam. Manje inteligentni ljudi će, pak, teže mijenjati postojeće stavove.

"Opća inteligencija, odnosno sposobnost pojedinca da razmišlja i koristi razum, pomogla je našim precima u rješavanju evolucijskih problema za koje nisu imali naslijeđeno rješenje", izjavio je Satoshi Kanazawa, stručnjak za evolucijsku psihologiju.

"Zbog toga će inteligentniji ljudi lakše prepoznati i razumjeti nove pojave, vrijednosti i preference u društvu."

Ranija Kanazawina studija je otkrila da inteligentniji ljudi idu kasnije spavati od manje inteligentnijih ljudi. Prije su ljudi išli spavati sa zalaskom sunca i budili se s izlaskom sunca. A otkad su ljudi izumili umjetno svijetlo sve više njih odlazi spavati kasnije.

Kanazawa u svojem najnovijem istraživanju tvrdi kako su ljudi evolucijski 'dizajnirani' da budu konzervativni i da se brinu isključivo za svoju najbližu obitelj, dok je briga za genetski nevezane strance potpuno nova pojava u ljudskoj evoluciji. Tako će inteligentnija djeca vjerojatnije biti liberalnijih nazora.

Brojke podupiru njegovu teoriju, pa tako adolescenti koji sebe smatraju 'vrlo liberalnima' imaju prosječan kvocijent inteligencije 106, a oni koji sebe vide kao 'vrlo konzervativne' imaju prosjek IQ-a 95.

Na sličan način se u studiji tvrdi da je religija nusproizvod ljudske tendencije da vide namjeru (Božju ruku) iza prirodnih fenomena.

"Ljudi su evolucijski paranoični, pa iz te njihove paranoje proizlazi vjera u Boga. Paranoja je ljudskom rodu bila korisna. Ali sada, inteligentnija djeca će vjerojatnije odrasti kao ateisti."

Mladi odrasli koji su sebe opisali 'nimalo religioznim' imaju prosječan IQ 103, a 'vrlo religiozni' u prosjeku tijekom adolescencije imaju IQ 97.

Ljudi su kroz evoluciju bili skloni čestom mijenjanju partnera. Od muškaraca se nije očekivalo da budu vjerni samo jednoj ženi. Brojke potvrđuju tezu Kanazawe kako je vjernost odlika muškaraca s višim IQ-om.

Kao zanimljivo otkriće istraživanje nudi podatke koji pokazuju da sklonost braku i obitelji nemaju veze s inteligencijom.

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